Mechanical Aspects of the Drive

Rigid dobsonian mounts offer large bearing surfaces to attach drives. The scope can be driven using one of several different methods. A direct-drive system is composed of a threaded rod pressed against the rim of a large drive circle. Threads are impressed into the rim of the drive circle either by JB-Weld, wood putty, or fiberglass. See an article of mine in Sky and Telescope magazine, April, '79 for a description of this method. My article was inspired by an earlier article in June '74 Sky and Telescope.

Many modern professional scopes use large circular rollers driven by machined shafts. These avoid the errors inherent in worm and gear drives. Worm and gear errors include periodic and erratic errors. Periodic errors are caused by the elliptical shape of the gear and by mis-centering of the worm on its shaft. Erratic errors are caused by tooth to tooth differences and by backlash when the drive changes direction.

By using a gear reducer in the preliminary stage and a roller drive for the final stage, the errors present in the gear reducer are divided by the ratio of the final roller. For instance, if the gear reducer has an error of one arc minute, and the final roller drive ratio is 30:1, then the actual error present at the eyepiece will be two arc seconds.

The bearing surfaces should be converted to ball-bearings riding underneath Formica in smaller scopes, and aluminum or galvanized metal sheet in larger sizes.   Face the altitude bearing rims with thin strips of aluminum. Substitute a drive shaft or drive hub for one of the four altitude bearing points. Attach a gear reducer powered by a stepper motor to this drive shaft. The azimuth drive is a drive shaft with a conical machined end that rides underneath the rocker bottom, faced with a thin metal plate. The other two contact points are ball bearings. Since the rollers are very large, the scope has a very high inherent stiffness. One advantage of a dobsonian over an equatorial is that gravity naturally tensions the rollers and drive shafts.

on the left is a metal drawer roller, and on the right is a 3/4 inch caster ball bearing transfer unit - $2 and $5 respectively at the local hardware store

Flywheels can be added for significant high speed gain and noise reduction.  Here's a comment from Brent Russell, "I tried flywheels last night to try to improve my slewing performance. My 16" is driven by steppers from 5.35 floppy drives...small motors but they work well.  I made a small flywheel for each motor, about 18mm thick and 40mm diameter from some brass stock. it made a MAJOR improvement in both noise levels and in slew speed. The min delay was reduced from 1200 to 700 almost double the slew speed!"

Comments about gear reducers and drives by Tom Cathey.
William Gunther's homemade gear investigations http://astronomy.wsnw.net/gears.html
Andrew Wall's homemade gear http://members.optusnet.com.au/astroman02/observatory/index2.html
Eric Greene's cast your own drive gear: http://ngc1514.com/Computer/azimuth.html
Tom Krajci's making your own drive gear: homemade_gears.html
Rex Kindall's gear made from side by side nylon threaded rods http://www.geocities.com/kindellism/Nylon_Worm_Gears.html
Gary Wolanski's homemade aluminum gears http://www3.telus.net/gwolanski/Gearcutter.html
Lew Cook's unusual declination drive http://www.geocities.com/lcoo/eng29.htm
Mark Rice's homemade threaded rod drive http://homepage.ntlworld.com/ecliptic/worm.htm
Gear Solutions Online http://www.gearsolutionsonline.com/articles/wormgears0403.html
hobbing a worm wheel http://www.tjanstrom.com/hobbingawormwheel.html
moldable bearings: http://www.moglice.com/index.html
Vincent Steinmetz periodic error analysis of belt and pulley drive http://xmcvs.free.fr/ep/asca_eng.htm
Danciger 32 inch and Al Kelly/Andy Saulietis drive http://www.ghg.net/akelly/32drive.jpg
Tom Krajci's flywheel addition that gives ultra high slew speeds: flywheel.html
Titolo Pagina toothed belt drive http://www.pipitone.it/roberto/astro/motorization.htm
Charlie Stark's friction drive system with manual push option using a DobDriverII http://www.astrosurf.com/altaz/ddalter_e.htm
Steve Chamber's 20 inch goto scope http://www.pmdo.com/20goto.htm
Jerry Oltien's ball mount drive http://www.sff.net/people/J.Oltion/trackball.htm

Here is a view of the altitude axis and a view of the azimuth of a typical roller drive with small palm sized gear reducer in front of the stepper motor.  Notice how the azimuth axis is slightly tipped and the end of the drive shaft is conical.